Your doctor will work with you to put together an appropriate follow-up plan. Generally, doctors recommend a cystoscopy to examine the inside of your bladder and urethra every three to six months for several years after bladder cancer treatment.
If several years of surveillance have gone by, and no cancer recurrence was detected, you might only need a cystoscopy once a year. Your doctor might recommend additional testing at regular intervals, as well. Early detection saves lives and is a crucial factor when it comes to the treatment of bladder cancer. Cxbladder is a clinically proven cutting-edge genomic urine test that quickly and accurately detects or rules out bladder cancer in patients presenting with blood in the urine or hematuria and those being monitored for recurrence.
The test works at a molecular level, measuring five biomarker genes to detect the presence or absence of bladder cancer. Cxbladder is discreet, quick, non-invasive and painless, typically giving you meaningful results within five working days. It comes as a suite of test options, each optimized for a different point in the patient journey. Cxbladder gives you peace of mind and will help your doctor make informed treatment decisions.
Speak to your general practitioner or urologist to learn more about Cxbladder and which test might be right for you. You can also contact our Customer Service Team directly. Contact us for more information. The process is painless, taking only minutes, and you can expect reliable results quickly.
To simplify and streamline the bladder cancer testing process, we are now offering in-home sampling for patients in the US. Participating patients have the option of submitting their Cxbladder urine sample in the comfort of their own home without the need to physically visit their Urologist.
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Key Points Bladder cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the tissues of the bladder. Smoking can affect the risk of bladder cancer. Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer include blood in the urine and pain during urination.
Tests that examine the urine and bladder are used to help diagnose bladder cancer. Certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options. Transitional cell carcinoma : Cancer that begins in cells in the innermost tissue layer of the bladder.
These cells are able to stretch when the bladder is full and shrink when it is emptied. Most bladder cancers begin in the transitional cells.
Transitional cell carcinoma can be low- grade or high-grade: Low-grade transitional cell carcinoma often recurs comes back after treatment, but rarely spreads into the muscle layer of the bladder or to other parts of the body.
High-grade transitional cell carcinoma often recurs comes back after treatment and often spreads into the muscle layer of the bladder, to other parts of the body, and to lymph nodes. Almost all deaths from bladder cancer are due to high-grade disease. Using tobacco , especially smoking cigarettes.
Having a family history of bladder cancer. Having certain changes in the genes that are linked to bladder cancer. Being exposed to paints, dyes, metals, or petroleum products in the workplace. Past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis or with certain anticancer drugs , such as cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide. Taking Aristolochia fangchi , a Chinese herb.
Drinking water from a well that has high levels of arsenic. Drinking water that has been treated with chlorine. Having a history of bladder infections, including bladder infections caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Using urinary catheters for a long time. Blood in the urine slightly rusty to bright red in color.
Frequent urination. Pain during urination. Lower back pain. Physical exam and health history : An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. Urinalysis : A test to check the color of urine and its contents, such as sugar, protein , red blood cells , and white blood cells.
Urine cytology : A laboratory test in which a sample of urine is checked under a microscope for abnormal cells. Cystoscopy : A procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder.
A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. Enlarge Cystoscopy. A cystoscope a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing is inserted through the urethra into the bladder.
Fluid is used to fill the bladder. The doctor looks at an image of the inner wall of the bladder on a computer monitor. Intravenous pyelogram IVP : A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to find out if cancer is present in these organs. A contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the contrast dye moves through the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, x-rays are taken to see if there are any blockages.
Biopsy : The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. A biopsy for bladder cancer is usually done during cystoscopy.
It may be possible to remove the entire tumor during biopsy. The stage of the cancer whether it is superficial or invasive bladder cancer, and whether it has spread to other places in the body. This procedure may be performed during your first cystoscopy, when tissue samples are taken for testing see diagnosing bladder cancer.
TURBT is carried out under general anaesthetic. The surgeon uses an instrument called a cystoscope to locate the visible tumours and cut them away from the lining of the bladder. The wounds are sealed cauterised using a mild electric current, and you may be given a urinary catheter to drain any blood or debris from your bladder over the next few days. After surgery, you should be given a single dose of chemotherapy , directly into your bladder, using a catheter. The chemotherapy solution is kept in your bladder for around an hour before being drained away.
Most people can leave hospital less than 48 hours after having TURBT and are able do normal physical activity within 2 weeks. You should be offered follow-up appointments at 3 and 9 months to check your bladder, using a cystoscopy.
If your cancer returns after 6 months, and is small, you may be offered a treatment called fulguration. This involves using an electric current to destroy the cancer cells. People with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer should be offered a course of at least 6 doses of chemotherapy.
The liquid is placed directly into your bladder, using a catheter, and kept there for around an hour before being drained away. You should be offered follow-up appointments at 3, 9 and 18 months, then once every year. At these appointments, your bladder will be checked using a cystoscopy. If your cancer returns within 5 years, you'll be referred back to a specialist urology team.
Some of the chemotherapy medicine may be left in your urine after treatment, which could severely irritate your skin.
It helps if you sit down to urinate and that you're careful not to splash yourself or the toilet seat. Always wash the skin around your genitals with soap and water afterwards. If you're sexually active, it's important to use a barrier method of contraception , such as a condom. This is because the medicines may be present in your semen or vaginal fluids, which can cause irritation.
You also shouldn't try to get pregnant or father a child while having chemotherapy for bladder cancer, as the medicines can increase the risk of having a child with birth defects. If you have high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, you should be offered a second TURBT operation, within 6 weeks of the initial investigation see diagnosing bladder cancer. Your urologist and clinical nurse specialist will discuss your treatment options with you, which will either be:.
The BCG vaccine is passed into your bladder through a catheter and left for 2 hours before being drained away. Most people require weekly treatments over a 6-week period. If BCG treatment doesn't work, or the side effects are too strong, you'll be referred back to a specialist urology team. Stage 0 bladder cancers rarely need to be treated with more extensive surgery.
Partial or complete cystectomy removal of the bladder is considered only when there are many superficial cancers or when cancer continues to grow or seems to be spreading despite treatment. Some doctors recommend repeating BCG treatment every 3 to 6 months.
After treatment for any stage 0 cancer, close follow-up is needed, with cystoscopy about every 3 months for a least a couple of years to look for signs of the cancer coming back or new bladder tumors. The outlook for people with stage 0a non-invasive papillary bladder cancer is very good. These cancers can be cured with treatment. During long-term follow-up care, more superficial cancers are often found in the bladder or in other parts of the urinary system.
Although these new cancers do need to be treated, they rarely are deeply invasive or life threatening. The long-term outlook for stage 0is flat non-invasive bladder cancer is not as good as for stage 0a cancers. These cancers have a higher risk of coming back, and may return as a more serious cancer that's growing into deeper layers of the bladder or has spread to other tissues.
Stage I bladder cancers have grown into the connective tissue layer of the bladder wall T1 , but have not reached the muscle layer. But it's done to help determine the extent of the cancer rather than to try to cure it. If no other treatment is given, many people will later get a new bladder cancer, which often will be more advanced.
This is more likely to happen if the first cancer is high-grade fast-growing. Even if the cancer is found to be low grade slow-growing , a second TURBT is often recommended several weeks later. If the doctor then feels that all of the cancer has been removed, intravesical BCG preferred or intravesical chemo is usually given. Less often, close follow-up alone might be an option. If all of the cancer wasn't removed, options are intravesical BCG or cystectomy removal of part or all of the bladder.
If the cancer is high grade , if many tumors are present, or if the tumor is very large when it's first found, radical cystectomy may be recommended. These cancers have invaded the muscle layer of the bladder wall T2a and T2b , but no farther. Transurethral resection TURBT is typically the first treatment for these cancers, but it's done to help determine the extent stage of the cancer rather than to try to cure it.
When the cancer has invaded the muscle, radical cystectomy removal of the bladder is the standard treatment. Lymph nodes near the bladder are often removed as well. If cancer is in only one part of the bladder, a partial cystectomy may be done instead. But this is possible in only a small number of patients.
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