The results of this study indicate that School attendance status was positively associated with HPV status. These findings are consistent with prior studies [ 19 , 22 ].
The plausible explanation for this association is the implementation of the school based HPV vaccine delivery strategy without special effort to reach out of school girls [ 20 , 22 , 25 ]. The current study found that ethnicity was significantly associated with HPV vaccination. This finding is similar to previous studies [ 21 , 23 , 25 , 43 ]. The probable reason for this association is that individuals belonging to a social group with low uptake of vaccination have a higher chance to come across damaging beliefs, norms and emulate behavior from their peers.
Another important finding was that medium social economic status was positively associated with HPV vaccination. The likelihood of having already been vaccinated was found among girls from middle wealth quintile settings although vaccination was free of charge for all girls.
Such association between socio-economic status and adolescent vaccination has been found in other studies [ 23 , 25 , 43 , 46 ]. The probable explanation for this association is that HPV vaccine was rolled out nationwide in [ 18 ] one year before the survey [ 28 ] making it relatively new. People with low SES are likely to adopt a new positive health behavior last because they base their decisions on what happened in the past, change behavior a long time after changes in their awareness and knowledge, suspicious of new interventions, take more time to convince and often poor economic position makes them very cautious [ 47 ].
However, the current findings are not consistent with some previous findings. Socioeconomic status was found not to be significantly associated with HPV Vaccination [ 22 ]. Notwithstanding the strength of this study, there were some limitations with the data. Our study was based on cross-sectional and secondary data. Second, we combined individual responses to generate our measures at community level. It is therefore difficult to ascertain whether some girls were not classified into wrong administratively demarcated boundaries clusters.
The use of hierarchical regression models require aggregating individual responses to community level assuming that the groups are homogenous. This has potential consequences on the interpretation of results because associations at aggregated levels may not directly apply to individuals but to the group of individuals with in a given area.
Nevertheless, the current study points to important programmatic areas of intervention for promoting HPV vaccination in Uganda. This study considered countrywide representative data on HPV vaccination for the Uganda demographic and health survey. The results of the study established low HPV vaccine coverage in Uganda.
Both community community socioeconomic disadvantage and individual school attendance status, age of girls, ethnicity, and amount of media exposure level factors were found to be significantly associated with HPV vaccination. Other countries in the region with organized school-based programmes have had much higher uptake rates. If higher vaccination rates are to be achieved in Uganda, both individual and community level factors responsible for variation in HPV vaccination should be addressed.
System-wide interventions should be implemented to increase vaccine coverage in Uganda. Our findings point to the need for universal basic education, creation of job opportunities, and poverty alleviation. Our findings further suggest that effort should be directed at women and rural affirmative interventions to narrow gender and type of residence inequality gaps respectively. These are vital interventions that can be implemented at community level to mitigate the effects of community socioeconomic disadvantages.
Variation in HPV vaccination among different ethnic groups indicate that communication on HPV vaccine should be tailored to ethnic communities. Data are from the Demographic and Health Survey. The dataset is open to qualified researchers free of charge.
Ca cancer j clin [Internet]. Available from: cacancerjournal. Transforming our world: the agenda for sustainable development: United Nations. In Available from: sustainabledevelopment. Human papillomavirus and related diseases in Africa: summary report. Country cancer profiles, Uganda: World Health Organisation.
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WHO guidance note: comprehensive cervical cancer prevention and control: a healthier future for girls and women: World Health Organisation. Strategic plan for cervical cancer prevention and control in Uganda — Kampala, Uganda: Ministry of Health.
Cost of a human papillomavirus vaccination project, Zimbabwe. Bull World Heal Organ. Article Google Scholar. Assessment of eight HPV vaccination programs implemented in lowest income countries.
Available from: www. HPV vaccination in Africa. N Engl J Med [Internet]. Uganda launches Human Papillomavirus Vaccine [Internet]. Level and factors associated with uptake of human papillomavirus infection vaccine among female adolescents in Lira District, Uganda. Pan African Med Journal [Internet]. BMC Public Health. Google Scholar. Factors influencing completion of multidose vaccine schedules in adolescents: a systematic review.
Factors influencing uptake of HPV vaccination among girls in Germany. Factors influencing completion of multi- dose vaccine schedules in adolescents : a systematic review. Kumar VMWD. Explaining variation in the uptake of HPV vaccination in England. Lockhart EA. Ethn Health: Wells KJ; The human papillomavirus HPV vaccine is the first and only vaccination that helps protect individuals from getting many different types of cancer that are associated with different HPV strains.
The vaccine protects young people against infection from certain strains of HPV, the most common sexually transmitted infection STI in the United States.
Since HPV vaccines were first introduced in the U. The vaccines were originally recommended only for girls and young women and were subsequently broadened to include boys and young men.
This factsheet discusses HPV and related cancers, use of the HPV vaccines for both females and males, and insurance coverage and access to the vaccines. Five of them, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Zambia, carry among the 10 highest cervical cancer burdens in the world. Representatives from over 50 countries, including over 25 heads of state, will participate in this virtual event, which will be livestreamed on www.
Since its inception in , Gavi has helped immunise a whole generation — over million children — and prevented more than 13 million deaths, helping to halve child mortality in 73 developing countries. Gavi also plays a key role in improving global health security by supporting health systems, as well as funding global stockpiles of Ebola, cholera, meningitis and yellow fever vaccines.
After two decades of progress, Gavi is now focused on protecting the next generation and reaching the unvaccinated children still being left behind, employing innovative finance and the latest technology — from drones to biometrics — to save millions more lives, prevent outbreaks before they can spread and help countries on the road to self-sufficiency. Learn more at www. Across more than countries and territories, we work for every child, everywhere, to build a better world for everyone.
HPV vaccination is recommended for all preteens including girls and boys at age 11—12 years. Teens and young adults who start the series later, at ages 15 through 26 years, need three doses of HPV vaccine. Vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get HPV vaccine after speaking with their doctor about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination.
HPV vaccination in this age range provides less benefit, as more people have already been exposed to HPV. Tell your doctor about any severe allergies. Some people should not get some HPV vaccines, including:. HPV vaccines are safe for children who are mildly ill — for example, with a low-grade fever of less than degrees, a cold, runny nose, or cough. People with a moderate or severe illness should wait until they are better.
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