Records indicate it was grown in Valencia and Majorca. In Majorca, rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian conquest, although historians are not certain.
Muslims also brought rice to Sicily, where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa or in the Lombard plain , where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms.
After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France , later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration. The Ottomans introduced rice to the Balkans. Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date with Spanish colonizers introducing Asian rice to Mexico in the s at Veracruz and the Portuguese and their African slaves introducing it at about the same time to Colonial Brazil.
Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period.
Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas.
The Native Americans of what is now the Eastern United States may have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice. References to wild rice in the Americas are to the unrelated Zizania palustris. From the enslaved Africans, plantation owners learned how to dyke the marshes and periodically flood the fields.
At first the rice was milled by hand with wooden paddles, then winnowed in sweetgrass baskets the making of which was another skill brought by slaves from Africa.
The invention of the rice mill increased profitability of the crop, and the addition of water power for the mills in by millwright Jonathan Lucas was another step forward.
Rice culture in the southeastern U. Today, people can visit the only remaining rice plantation in South Carolina that still has the original winnowing barn and rice mill from the midth century at the historic Mansfield Plantation in Georgetown, South Carolina. The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as "Carolina Gold.
In the southern United States, rice has been grown in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and east Texas since the midth century. Many Cajun farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low lying prairies where they could also farm crawfish when the fields were flooded. In recent years rice production has risen in North America, especially in the Mississippi River Delta areas in the states of Arkansas and Mississippi.
Rice cultivation began in California during the California Gold Rush, when an estimated 40, Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. However, commercial production began only in in the town of Richvale in Butte County. By , California produced the second largest rice crop in the United States, after Arkansas, with production concentrated in six counties north of Sacramento.
More than varieties of rice are commercially produced primarily in six states Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and California in the U. According to estimates for the crop year, rice production in the U. Rice and Myths Rice is an integral part of many cultures folklore. In Myanmar, the Kachins were sent forth from the center of the Earth with rice seeds and were directed to a country where life would be perfect and rice would grow well.
And in China rice is the gift of animals. Legend says after a disastrous flooding all plants had been destroyed and no food was available. One day a dog ran through the fields to the people with rice seeds hanging from his tail. Archaeologists in India argue that rice cultivation began in the Ganges river valley.
There are also two theories of rice origin. Single-origin suggests that indica and japonica were domesticated once from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon. While multiple-origin proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of Asia. The multiple-origin model gained currency in recent years as biologists observed significant genetic differences between indica and japonica, and several studies examining the evolutionary relationship among rice varieties supported domestication in both India and China.
But the latest study published in the May 17 issue of PNAS supported the single-origin theory and concluded that Indian subspecies indica, of Oryza sativa, split from the Chinese japonica about 3, years ago. Sahani says this finding is a definite evidence of the origin of rice in India. We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Luckily, as discussed below, new methods It is also the case that early Chinese sites with rice finds also produced evidence for quantities of definitely wild foods, such as acorns, Trapa water chestnuts, and another marsh nut of Asia, Euryale ferox.
Proponents of a hypothesis of later domestication including member of the Early Rice Project contend that this find indicates a predominantly hunter-gatherer-fisher lifestyle, and that only with later cultivation and domestication of rice, perhaps closer to BC, did people give up gathering as many nuts and focus on farming rice. This raises the need to consider not just the evidence of rice remains themselves but to systematically study rice in the relation to an overall picture of plant use reflect in archaeobotanical assemblages.
Strong evidence for a slow domestication process, which indeed finished late, were published in Science in BP of rice domestication in China: a response.
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